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This study aims to examine the role and challenges of Bissu in the context of the history of Islamic civilization in South Sulawesi. Bissu, as a social group that has an important role in the cultural and spiritual life of the Bugis people, faced significant changes along with the entry of Islam into the region. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the role of Bissu in the history of Islamic civilization and what challenges they face in maintaining their traditions amidst the dominance of Islam. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a descriptive historical approach, which prioritizes data collection through field observations, in-depth interviews, and analysis of historical documents. The results of the study show two main points: first, the role of Bissu in Islamic civilization in South Sulawesi is related to their efforts to maintain Bugis cultural values ​​and spiritual traditions, even though Islam has a major influence on social structures and ritual practices. Second, the challenges faced by Bissu include the conflict between monotheistic Islamic teachings and their animistic traditions, as well as social pressure from the more dominant Islamic society. Nevertheless, Bissu managed to adapt by integrating Islamic elements into their practices, while still maintaining most of their traditional cultural identity. This study provides insight into the dynamics of cultural and religious diversity in South Sulawesi.